The use of candlestick patterns is one of the most common parts of price action trading. Candlestick patterns offer valuable insights into the market action and can help traders position for the next price move. There are literally dozens of different candlestick patterns that traders can follow. One of the more common formations within this class of patterns is the Doji candlestick, which will be the focus of this article.
What Is The Doji Candlestick Pattern?
A Doji is defined in technical analysis as a single candlestick pattern in which the open and close of a specific instrument for a given period are essentially the same or very close to it. As a result of this, the appearance of a doji often takes the shape of a cross or some variation of it.
The fact that the Doji candle opens and closes in almost the same place shows that the market is uncertain. The bulls and bears are battling it out to take control of the market; however, neither was successful in their attempt to overwhelm the other and move the market in their direction. Below, you can see an example of a Doji pattern.
Unlike most candlestick patterns that either have a bullish or bearish implication, the Doji pattern is somewhat different in that the formation does not provide any clear insights into the future price movement of a security. Essentially, the Doji candlestick pattern is a neutral pattern. Sometimes they can appear as a continuation pattern, suggesting further price movement in the direction of the trend, or they can appear as a reversal pattern, suggesting that a trend reversal is most likely.
When the Doji formation is coupled with the underlying trend in the market or some other technical-based tools, we can in fact gather quite a bit of information from that and arrive at some bias for future price movement. And so, Doji candlesticks by themselves are not of much practical use; however, when coupled with other tools, they can be quite useful.
There are several variations of the Doji candlestick. The Doji Star, Gravestone Doji, Long Legged Doji, Dragonfly Doji, and Four Price Doji are the most common Doji patterns. We will be describing each of these Doji variations in the upcoming sections and illustrating the structure of each. Since each of these can have a different potential depending on the market context, it’s important to study them so that you can recognize and label them correctly on your price chart.
Some traders find the Doji formation to be a bit frustrating to trade because there is no clear bullish or bearish signal provided by it as a standalone pattern. But as you will learn shortly, there is a great deal of value that this pattern can offer traders if it is evaluated and implemented correctly. This is particularly true when the market displays a double – or triple-Doji formation, wherein there are subsequent dojis appearing in the price series.
Types Of Doji Candlestick Patterns
Doji patterns can appear in all major markets, including the foreign exchange market, the futures market, the equity market, and more. And they appear across all different time frames, from the very smallest to the very largest. As we noted earlier, the Doji pattern will have approximately the same opening and closing price. This is a very important component of a Doji pattern.
Traders need to use their common sense and good judgment to decide how much difference they will allow between the opening price and the closing price for a Doji pattern to be valid. This is because the exact opening and closing price for any given session is quite rare; therefore, we have to make room for some leeway in this area.
Because of the close proximity between the opening and closing prices, the Doji will appear to have a very small body and resemble some variation of a cross. Let’s now introduce each of the different Doji patterns and their characteristics.
Doji Star: The Doji star pattern appears as a cross-shaped formation. The opening and closing prices will be virtually the same, with the upper and lower wicks within the candle appearing relatively small and equal in length. The Doji star pattern indicates indecision in the market, wherein the bulls and bears are fighting for control, but the market at the current juncture is at a level of equilibrium. You can see an illustration of the Doji star pattern below.
Gravestone Doji: The Gravestone Doji pattern appears as an upside-down T pattern. Candlestick traders will recognize this pattern as being somewhat similar to the shooting star pattern. However, the gravestone doji pattern is a more powerful bearish reversal signal, as the open and close are at or near the low after prices were rejected to the upside.
This is particularly true when the gravestone doji pattern appears in the context of an uptrending market condition. In this case, it signals a potential change of trend from bullish to bearish. Below, you can see an example of the Gravestone Doji chart pattern.
Long-Legged Doji: The Long-Legged Doji pattern has a similar appearance to the traditional Doji star pattern. They open and close at or near the same level; however, within the Long Leg Doji pattern, the wicks on either side are larger and extend out further. This suggests that the market is more volatile, as prices were able to extend relatively far both to the upside and downside.
The implication is still one of indecision in the market, but one in which there is heightened volatility. This can often lead to large moves as prices break out on one side or the other.
You can refer to the image below to see an illustration of the Long Legged Doji pattern.
Dragonfly Doji: The Dragonfly Doji pattern is the inverse of the Gravestone Doji pattern. That is to say that it appears as a T formation. The open and close occur near the top of the candle, with a relatively long wick to the bottom, suggesting rejection of lower prices and a strong close for the bulls. Dragonfly Dojis appear similar to a hammer candlestick; however, the Dragonfly Doji can prove to be a more powerful signal, particularly when it appears near the bottom of a downtrending market. The expectation is for higher prices following the completion of the dragonfly doji pattern. An example of the Dragonfly Doji pattern is shown below.
Four-Price Doji: The Four-Price Doji is a unique structure in and of itself. It appears as a horizontal line with very minor or nonexistent upper and lower wicks. As such, this pattern suggests that there is indecision in the market, and the market is displaying characteristics of a low volatility environment. This is because prices open and close at or near the same area with very little movement to the upside or downside during that session.
The four-price Doji is seen much less frequently than the other types of Doji patterns presented earlier. Regardless, traders should take heed when such a formation appears on the price chart. Here is what the four-price doji looks like.
Double Doji Trading Strategy
As we’ve noted earlier, the Doji pattern is one that is characteristic of indecision in the market. As such, most Doji patterns by themselves are not very telling. However, when the market you are trading forms multiple Dojis in consecutive fashion, this can be an extremely opportune time to take advantage of a breakout trade.
More specifically, remember that most Doji patterns are generally indecision patterns, and thus when we have two or three Dojis appearing one after another, then that is indicative of a prolonged period of indecision, which is likely to propel prices in the direction of the eventual breakout. This is because the markets ebb and flow through periods of low volatility to high volatility and from periods of high volatility to low volatility.
With this backdrop, we will create a strategy for trading the Doji pattern that will take advantage of these periods in the market. Our strategy is based on a double Doji pattern, which is essentially any two consecutive Dojis appearing on the price chart. They should preferably be of a similar Doji variation; however, this is not a requirement. This double Doji system is a very simple price action-based strategy that requires nothing more than the presence of two consecutive Doji patterns.
So here are the rules for trading the double doji set up:
- A Double Doji pattern must appear near the top of an uptrend or the bottom of a downtrend.
- Plot a support line at the low of the double Doji pattern, and a resistance line at the high of the Double Doji pattern.
- Place an OCO order, one cancels the other order, one pip above the resistance high and one pip below the support low.
- Wait for a breakout either above the resistance level which will execute the buy side of the order, or below the support level which will execute the sell side of the order. If the buy order is triggered first, then place a stop just below the low of the double Doji pattern. If they sell order is triggered first, then place a stop just above the high of the double Doji pattern.
- We will utilize a two-tiered exit strategy. That is to say that target one will be placed at a level that is equivalent to the height of the Double Doji pattern. We will close out 1/2 the position at Target 1. Target two will be placed at a level that is equivalent to twice the length of the Double Doji pattern. We will close out the second 1/2 of our position at Target 2.
Bullish Doji Candlestick Trade Setup- GBPUSD
Let’s now shift our attention to highlighting some actual examples of the Doji pattern set up on a few price charts. We’ll look at a few double doji patterns in the forex market.
As we can see from the price chart below, the price of GBPUSD was trading lower, and then we saw a period of consolidation before another price level was reached that ultimately led to the formation of a double doji pattern on the price chart. You can see the double doji pattern circled in green. As such, the first condition of this Doji trading strategy has been fulfilled. Specifically, a double doji pattern has formed at the bottom of the downtrend.
We will now draw the support and resistance lines for the double Doji pattern. Notice the second candle within this double doji pattern. It represents the high of the entire pattern, as well as the low of the entire pattern. As such, we will plot our support line at the low of this candle and the resistance line at the high of the candle, creating our breakout levels.
Now that our breakout levels have been plotted, we will place an OCO order, where one order cancels the other, with a buy stop one pips above the high and a sell stop one pips below the low of the support line. Once we’ve done this, we’ll wait to see which way the price action breaks out.
As we can see, the third bar following the formation of the double Doji pattern signaled the breakout to the upside, executing the buy side of our OCO order and putting us into a long position in the currency pair. And so, we will place a stop loss just below the low of the double Doji pattern as noted on the chart.
We will be using a two-tiered target as an exit strategy, which calls for the first exit to be taken upon the price reaching an equivalent distance from the double Doji pattern. Notice the second orange bracket, which represents Exit 1. Price easily reach this level and continued to move higher. Exit 2 can be seen just above Exit 1 and represents a length of twice the double Doji pattern. Here again, the price reached that level quite quickly after Exit 1 was achieved, taking us entirely out of the position with a great result.
Bearish Doji Candlestick Trade Setup – USDCAD
Let’s now look at another example of this strategy in action. This time will be referring to the price chart for the US Dollar to Canadian Dollar Forex pair as seen on the daily timeframe.
Looking at the lower left of the price chart, we can see that prices were moving higher, forming an uptrending market scenario. Towards the middle of the price chart, we can see a double doji pattern form, which is circled in green. This double doji pattern was quite clear and would have clued us into a potential trade setup using the strategy. Unlike the previous example, this double doji pattern appears at the top of an uptrend.
With these conditions being met, we can now go ahead and plot our support and resistance lines for the Double Doji pattern. Note that within this double Doji structure, the initial Doji pattern creates the high for the entire pattern, while the second Doji pattern creates the low for the entire pattern. As such, we will use the first Doji high to plot the resistance level and the second Doji low to plot the support level.
Now we will go ahead and place our OCO order, one canceling the other, one PIP above the high as represented by the upper black dashed line, and one PIP below the low as represented by the lower black dashed line. Once we’ve done that, we would go ahead and wait until price either breaks above the resistance level or below the support level to enter the position.
In this case, price immediately breaks lower on the very next candle following the double Doji formation. You can see that sell entry noted on the price chart. Now that we are in this position, we will make sure to protect ourselves in case of an adverse price move by placing a stop-loss order in the market. Based on our strategy rules, the stop will be placed just above the high of the double Doji formation.
Our two-tiered exit strategy calls for placing a target at a length that is equivalent to the double Doji pattern projected lower from the breakout point. This will serve as our target for Exit 1. Notice how two candles followed the breakout and Exit 1 was reached, providing us some profits on this trade. However, soon after Exit 1 was reached, prices traded slightly lower and then began to reverse to the upside.
As a result, our target 2 was never reached on this trade. Remember, target 2 is set at a level that is equivalent to twice the length of the double Doji pattern. Instead, as the price reversed and moved higher, our stop loss was eventually triggered, taking us out of the position. In this trade, we wound up in a break-even situation because we were able to reach Exit 1, but we gave back those profits when our stop loss was hit.
Final Thoughts
Candlestick analysis is at the heart of many price action-based trading strategies. There are a myriad of candlestick patterns that chart traders should be aware of. In this lesson, we’ve covered one of those important candlestick patterns—the doji pattern. And as we learned, there are different variations of the Doji pattern as well.
Beginner traders and students of the market should take some time to practice recognizing this important pattern as it is commonly seen within the price chart. When and where the Doji pattern happens can help traders figure out what is going on in the market behind the scenes.
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